cmd, eth, node, rpc, xeth: use single-instance services

cmd/geth/js.go

@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ func (self *jsre) AskPassword() (string, bool) {
 func (self *jsre) ConfirmTransaction(tx string) bool {
 	// Retrieve the Ethereum instance from the node
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	if _, err := self.stack.SingletonService(&ethereum); err != nil {
+	if err := self.stack.Service(&ethereum); err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	// If natspec is enabled, ask for permission
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ func (self *jsre) UnlockAccount(addr []byte) bool {
 	}
 	// TODO: allow retry
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	if _, err := self.stack.SingletonService(&ethereum); err != nil {
+	if err := self.stack.Service(&ethereum); err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	if err := ethereum.AccountManager().Unlock(common.BytesToAddress(addr), pass); err != nil {

cmd/geth/js_test.go

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ type testjethre struct {
 
 func (self *testjethre) UnlockAccount(acc []byte) bool {
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	self.stack.SingletonService(&ethereum)
+	self.stack.Service(&ethereum)
 
 	err := ethereum.AccountManager().Unlock(common.BytesToAddress(acc), "")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func (self *testjethre) UnlockAccount(acc []byte) bool {
 
 func (self *testjethre) ConfirmTransaction(tx string) bool {
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	self.stack.SingletonService(&ethereum)
+	self.stack.Service(&ethereum)
 
 	if ethereum.NatSpec {
 		self.lastConfirm = natspec.GetNotice(self.xeth, tx, self.client)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func testREPL(t *testing.T, config func(*eth.Config)) (string, *testjethre, *nod
 	if config != nil {
 		config(ethConf)
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("ethereum", func(ctx *node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return eth.New(ctx, ethConf) }); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(func(ctx *node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return eth.New(ctx, ethConf) }); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to register ethereum protocol: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Initialize all the keys for testing
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func testREPL(t *testing.T, config func(*eth.Config)) (string, *testjethre, *nod
 		t.Fatalf("failed to start test stack: %v", err)
 	}
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	stack.SingletonService(&ethereum)
+	stack.Service(&ethereum)
 
 	assetPath := filepath.Join(os.Getenv("GOPATH"), "src", "github.com", "ethereum", "go-ethereum", "cmd", "mist", "assets", "ext")
 	client := comms.NewInProcClient(codec.JSON)
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func TestBlockChain(t *testing.T) {
 	tmpfileq := strconv.Quote(tmpfile)
 
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	node.SingletonService(&ethereum)
+	node.Service(&ethereum)
 	ethereum.BlockChain().Reset()
 
 	checkEvalJSON(t, repl, `admin.exportChain(`+tmpfileq+`)`, `true`)
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ multiply7 = Multiply7.at(contractaddress);
 
 func pendingTransactions(repl *testjethre, t *testing.T) (txc int64, err error) {
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	repl.stack.SingletonService(&ethereum)
+	repl.stack.Service(&ethereum)
 
 	txs := ethereum.TxPool().GetTransactions()
 	return int64(len(txs)), nil
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ func processTxs(repl *testjethre, t *testing.T, expTxc int) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	repl.stack.SingletonService(&ethereum)
+	repl.stack.Service(&ethereum)
 
 	err = ethereum.StartMining(runtime.NumCPU(), "")
 	if err != nil {

cmd/geth/main.go

@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ func startNode(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node) {
 
 	// Unlock any account specifically requested
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	if _, err := stack.SingletonService(&ethereum); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Service(&ethereum); err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("ethereum service not running: %v", err)
 	}
 	accman := ethereum.AccountManager()

cmd/gethrpctest/main.go

@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@ func MakeSystemNode(keydir string, privkey string, test *tests.BlockTest) (*node
 		TestGenesisBlock: test.Genesis,
 		AccountManager:   accman,
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("ethereum", func(ctx *node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return eth.New(ctx, ethConf) }); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(func(ctx *node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return eth.New(ctx, ethConf) }); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Initialize and register the Whisper protocol
-	if err := stack.Register("whisper", func(*node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return whisper.New(), nil }); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(func(*node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return whisper.New(), nil }); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return stack, nil
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func MakeSystemNode(keydir string, privkey string, test *tests.BlockTest) (*node
 // stack to ensure basic checks pass before running RPC tests.
 func RunTest(stack *node.Node, test *tests.BlockTest) error {
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	stack.SingletonService(&ethereum)
+	stack.Service(&ethereum)
 	blockchain := ethereum.BlockChain()
 
 	// Process the blocks and verify the imported headers

cmd/utils/flags.go

@@ -686,13 +686,13 @@ func MakeSystemNode(name, version string, extra []byte, ctx *cli.Context) *node.
 	if err != nil {
 		Fatalf("Failed to create the protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("eth", func(ctx *node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) {
+	if err := stack.Register(func(ctx *node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) {
 		return eth.New(ctx, ethConf)
 	}); err != nil {
 		Fatalf("Failed to register the Ethereum service: %v", err)
 	}
 	if shhEnable {
-		if err := stack.Register("shh", func(*node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return whisper.New(), nil }); err != nil {
+		if err := stack.Register(func(*node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) { return whisper.New(), nil }); err != nil {
 			Fatalf("Failed to register the Whisper service: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -786,7 +786,11 @@ func StartIPC(stack *node.Node, ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	initializer := func(conn net.Conn) (comms.Stopper, shared.EthereumApi, error) {
-		fe := useragent.NewRemoteFrontend(conn, stack.Service("eth").(*eth.Ethereum).AccountManager())
+		var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
+		if err := stack.Service(&ethereum); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		fe := useragent.NewRemoteFrontend(conn, ethereum.AccountManager())
 		xeth := xeth.New(stack, fe)
 		apis, err := api.ParseApiString(ctx.GlobalString(IPCApiFlag.Name), codec.JSON, xeth, stack)
 		if err != nil {

eth/backend.go

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func New(ctx *node.ServiceContext, config *Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	ethdb.OpenFileLimit = 128 / (dbCount + 1)
 
 	// Open the chain database and perform any upgrades needed
-	chainDb, err := ctx.Database("chaindata", config.DatabaseCache)
+	chainDb, err := ctx.OpenDatabase("chaindata", config.DatabaseCache)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ func New(ctx *node.ServiceContext, config *Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	dappDb, err := ctx.Database("dapp", config.DatabaseCache)
+	dappDb, err := ctx.OpenDatabase("dapp", config.DatabaseCache)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

node/errors.go

@@ -16,13 +16,27 @@
 
 package node
 
-import "fmt"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+)
 
-// StopError is returned if a node fails to stop either any of its registered
+// DuplicateServiceError is returned during Node startup if a registered service
+// constructor returns a service of the same type that was already started.
+type DuplicateServiceError struct {
+	Kind reflect.Type
+}
+
+// Error generates a textual representation of the duplicate service error.
+func (e *DuplicateServiceError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("duplicate service: %v", e.Kind)
+}
+
+// StopError is returned if a Node fails to stop either any of its registered
 // services or itself.
 type StopError struct {
 	Server   error
-	Services map[string]error
+	Services map[reflect.Type]error
 }
 
 // Error generates a textual representation of the stop error.

node/node.go

@@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	ErrDatadirUsed       = errors.New("datadir already used")
-	ErrNodeStopped       = errors.New("node not started")
-	ErrNodeRunning       = errors.New("node already running")
-	ErrServiceUnknown    = errors.New("service not registered")
-	ErrServiceRegistered = errors.New("service already registered")
+	ErrDatadirUsed    = errors.New("datadir already used")
+	ErrNodeStopped    = errors.New("node not started")
+	ErrNodeRunning    = errors.New("node already running")
+	ErrServiceUnknown = errors.New("unknown service")
 
 	datadirInUseErrnos = map[uint]bool{11: true, 32: true, 35: true}
 )
 
-// Node represents a P2P node into which arbitrary services might be registered.
+// Node represents a P2P node into which arbitrary (uniquely typed) services might
+// be registered.
 type Node struct {
 	datadir  string         // Path to the currently used data directory
 	eventmux *event.TypeMux // Event multiplexer used between the services of a stack
@@ -47,9 +47,8 @@ type Node struct {
 	serverConfig *p2p.Server // Configuration of the underlying P2P networking layer
 	server       *p2p.Server // Currently running P2P networking layer
 
-	serviceIndex map[string]ServiceConstructor // Set of services currently registered in the node
-	serviceOrder []string                      // Service construction order to handle dependencies
-	services     map[string]Service            // Currently running services
+	serviceFuncs []ServiceConstructor     // Service constructors (in dependency order)
+	services     map[reflect.Type]Service // Currently running services
 
 	stop chan struct{} // Channel to wait for termination notifications
 	lock sync.RWMutex
@@ -85,52 +84,21 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Node, error) {
 			MaxPeers:        conf.MaxPeers,
 			MaxPendingPeers: conf.MaxPendingPeers,
 		},
-		serviceIndex: make(map[string]ServiceConstructor),
-		serviceOrder: []string{},
+		serviceFuncs: []ServiceConstructor{},
 		eventmux:     new(event.TypeMux),
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// Register injects a new service into the node's stack.
-func (n *Node) Register(id string, constructor ServiceConstructor) error {
+// Register injects a new service into the node's stack. The service created by
+// the passed constructor must be unique in its type with regard to sibling ones.
+func (n *Node) Register(constructor ServiceConstructor) error {
 	n.lock.Lock()
 	defer n.lock.Unlock()
 
-	// Short circuit if the node is running or if the id is taken
 	if n.server != nil {
 		return ErrNodeRunning
 	}
-	if _, ok := n.serviceIndex[id]; ok {
-		return ErrServiceRegistered
-	}
-	// Otherwise register the service and return
-	n.serviceOrder = append(n.serviceOrder, id)
-	n.serviceIndex[id] = constructor
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Unregister removes a service from a node's stack. If the node is currently
-// running, an error will be returned.
-func (n *Node) Unregister(id string) error {
-	n.lock.Lock()
-	defer n.lock.Unlock()
-
-	// Short circuit if the node is running, or if the service is unknown
-	if n.server != nil {
-		return ErrNodeRunning
-	}
-	if _, ok := n.serviceIndex[id]; !ok {
-		return ErrServiceUnknown
-	}
-	// Otherwise drop the service and return
-	delete(n.serviceIndex, id)
-	for i, service := range n.serviceOrder {
-		if service == id {
-			n.serviceOrder = append(n.serviceOrder[:i], n.serviceOrder[i+1:]...)
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	n.serviceFuncs = append(n.serviceFuncs, constructor)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -147,25 +115,27 @@ func (n *Node) Start() error {
 	running := new(p2p.Server)
 	*running = *n.serverConfig
 
-	services := make(map[string]Service)
-	for _, id := range n.serviceOrder {
-		constructor := n.serviceIndex[id]
-
+	services := make(map[reflect.Type]Service)
+	for _, constructor := range n.serviceFuncs {
 		// Create a new context for the particular service
 		ctx := &ServiceContext{
 			datadir:  n.datadir,
-			services: make(map[string]Service),
+			services: make(map[reflect.Type]Service),
 			EventMux: n.eventmux,
 		}
-		for id, s := range services { // copy needed for threaded access
-			ctx.services[id] = s
+		for kind, s := range services { // copy needed for threaded access
+			ctx.services[kind] = s
 		}
 		// Construct and save the service
 		service, err := constructor(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		services[id] = service
+		kind := reflect.TypeOf(service)
+		if _, exists := services[kind]; exists {
+			return &DuplicateServiceError{Kind: kind}
+		}
+		services[kind] = service
 	}
 	// Gather the protocols and start the freshly assembled P2P server
 	for _, service := range services {
@@ -178,19 +148,19 @@ func (n *Node) Start() error {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Start each of the services
-	started := []string{}
-	for id, service := range services {
+	started := []reflect.Type{}
+	for kind, service := range services {
 		// Start the next service, stopping all previous upon failure
 		if err := service.Start(running); err != nil {
-			for _, id := range started {
-				services[id].Stop()
+			for _, kind := range started {
+				services[kind].Stop()
 			}
 			running.Stop()
 
 			return err
 		}
 		// Mark the service started for potential cleanup
-		started = append(started, id)
+		started = append(started, kind)
 	}
 	// Finish initializing the startup
 	n.services = services
@@ -212,11 +182,11 @@ func (n *Node) Stop() error {
 	}
 	// Otherwise terminate all the services and the P2P server too
 	failure := &StopError{
-		Services: make(map[string]error),
+		Services: make(map[reflect.Type]error),
 	}
-	for id, service := range n.services {
+	for kind, service := range n.services {
 		if err := service.Stop(); err != nil {
-			failure.Services[id] = err
+			failure.Services[kind] = err
 		}
 	}
 	n.server.Stop()
@@ -266,40 +236,22 @@ func (n *Node) Server() *p2p.Server {
 	return n.server
 }
 
-// Service retrieves a currently running service registered under a given id.
-func (n *Node) Service(id string) Service {
-	n.lock.RLock()
-	defer n.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	// Short circuit if the node's not running
-	if n.server == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return n.services[id]
-}
-
-// SingletonService retrieves a currently running service using a specific type
-// implementing the Service interface. This is a utility function for scenarios
-// where it is known that only one instance of a given service type is running,
-// allowing to access services without needing to know their specific id with
-// which they were registered. Note, this method uses reflection, so do not run
-// in a tight loop.
-func (n *Node) SingletonService(service interface{}) (string, error) {
+// Service retrieves a currently running service registered of a specific type.
+func (n *Node) Service(service interface{}) error {
 	n.lock.RLock()
 	defer n.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	// Short circuit if the node's not running
 	if n.server == nil {
-		return "", ErrServiceUnknown
+		return ErrNodeStopped
 	}
 	// Otherwise try to find the service to return
-	for id, running := range n.services {
-		if reflect.TypeOf(running) == reflect.ValueOf(service).Elem().Type() {
-			reflect.ValueOf(service).Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(running))
-			return id, nil
-		}
+	element := reflect.ValueOf(service).Elem()
+	if running, ok := n.services[element.Type()]; ok {
+		element.Set(reflect.ValueOf(running))
+		return nil
 	}
-	return "", ErrServiceUnknown
+	return ErrServiceUnknown
 }
 
 // DataDir retrieves the current datadir used by the protocol stack.

node/node_example_test.go

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func ExampleUsage() {
 	constructor := func(context *node.ServiceContext) (node.Service, error) {
 		return new(SampleService), nil
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("my sample service", constructor); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(constructor); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to register service: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Boot up the entire protocol stack, do a restart and terminate

node/node_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -98,79 +99,36 @@ func TestNodeUsedDataDir(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// NoopService is a trivial implementation of the Service interface.
-type NoopService struct{}
-
-func (s *NoopService) Protocols() []p2p.Protocol { return nil }
-func (s *NoopService) Start(*p2p.Server) error   { return nil }
-func (s *NoopService) Stop() error               { return nil }
-
-func NewNoopService(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(NoopService), nil }
-
-// Tests whether services can be registered and unregistered.
+// Tests whether services can be registered and duplicates caught.
 func TestServiceRegistry(t *testing.T) {
 	stack, err := New(testNodeConfig)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
-	// Create a batch of dummy services and ensure they don't exist
-	ids := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
-	for i, id := range ids {
-		if err := stack.Unregister(id); err != ErrServiceUnknown {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: pre-unregistration failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, ErrServiceUnknown)
+	// Register a batch of unique services and ensure they start successfully
+	services := []ServiceConstructor{NewNoopServiceA, NewNoopServiceB, NewNoopServiceC}
+	for i, constructor := range services {
+		if err := stack.Register(constructor); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("service #%d: registration failed: %v", i, err)
 		}
 	}
-	// Register the services, checking that the operation succeeds only once
-	for i, id := range ids {
-		if err := stack.Register(id, NewNoopService); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: registration failed: %v", i, err)
-		}
-		if err := stack.Register(id, NewNoopService); err != ErrServiceRegistered {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: registration failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, ErrServiceRegistered)
-		}
-	}
-	// Unregister the services, checking that the operation succeeds only once
-	for i, id := range ids {
-		if err := stack.Unregister(id); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: unregistration failed: %v", i, err)
-		}
-		if err := stack.Unregister(id); err != ErrServiceUnknown {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: unregistration failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, ErrServiceUnknown)
-		}
+	if err := stack.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to start original service stack: %v", err)
 	}
-}
-
-// InstrumentedService is an implementation of Service for which all interface
-// methods can be instrumented both return value as well as event hook wise.
-type InstrumentedService struct {
-	protocols []p2p.Protocol
-	start     error
-	stop      error
-
-	protocolsHook func()
-	startHook     func(*p2p.Server)
-	stopHook      func()
-}
-
-func (s *InstrumentedService) Protocols() []p2p.Protocol {
-	if s.protocolsHook != nil {
-		s.protocolsHook()
+	if err := stack.Stop(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to stop original service stack: %v", err)
 	}
-	return s.protocols
-}
-
-func (s *InstrumentedService) Start(server *p2p.Server) error {
-	if s.startHook != nil {
-		s.startHook(server)
+	// Duplicate one of the services and retry starting the node
+	if err := stack.Register(NewNoopServiceB); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("duplicate registration failed: %v", err)
 	}
-	return s.start
-}
-
-func (s *InstrumentedService) Stop() error {
-	if s.stopHook != nil {
-		s.stopHook()
+	if err := stack.Start(); err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("duplicate service started")
+	} else {
+		if _, ok := err.(*DuplicateServiceError); !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("duplicate error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, DuplicateServiceError{})
+		}
 	}
-	return s.stop
 }
 
 // Tests that registered services get started and stopped correctly.
@@ -180,12 +138,15 @@ func TestServiceLifeCycle(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Register a batch of life-cycle instrumented services
-	ids := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
-
+	services := map[string]InstrumentingWrapper{
+		"A": InstrumentedServiceMakerA,
+		"B": InstrumentedServiceMakerB,
+		"C": InstrumentedServiceMakerC,
+	}
 	started := make(map[string]bool)
 	stopped := make(map[string]bool)
 
-	for i, id := range ids {
+	for id, maker := range services {
 		id := id // Closure for the constructor
 		constructor := func(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) {
 			return &InstrumentedService{
@@ -193,35 +154,29 @@ func TestServiceLifeCycle(t *testing.T) {
 				stopHook:  func() { stopped[id] = true },
 			}, nil
 		}
-		if err := stack.Register(id, constructor); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: registration failed: %v", i, err)
+		if err := stack.Register(maker(constructor)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("service %s: registration failed: %v", id, err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Start the node and check that all services are running
 	if err := stack.Start(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to start protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i, id := range ids {
+	for id, _ := range services {
 		if !started[id] {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: freshly started service not running", i)
+			t.Fatalf("service %s: freshly started service not running", id)
 		}
 		if stopped[id] {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: freshly started service already stopped", i)
-		}
-		if stack.Service(id) == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: freshly started service unaccessible", i)
+			t.Fatalf("service %s: freshly started service already stopped", id)
 		}
 	}
 	// Stop the node and check that all services have been stopped
 	if err := stack.Stop(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to stop protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i, id := range ids {
+	for id, _ := range services {
 		if !stopped[id] {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: freshly terminated service still running", i)
-		}
-		if service := stack.Service(id); service != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: freshly terminated service still accessible: %v", i, service)
+			t.Fatalf("service %s: freshly terminated service still running", id)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -251,7 +206,7 @@ func TestServiceRestarts(t *testing.T) {
 		}, nil
 	}
 	// Register the service and start the protocol stack
-	if err := stack.Register("service", constructor); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(constructor); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to register the service: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := stack.Start(); err != nil {
@@ -281,18 +236,21 @@ func TestServiceConstructionAbortion(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Define a batch of good services
-	ids := []string{"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"}
-
+	services := map[string]InstrumentingWrapper{
+		"A": InstrumentedServiceMakerA,
+		"B": InstrumentedServiceMakerB,
+		"C": InstrumentedServiceMakerC,
+	}
 	started := make(map[string]bool)
-	for i, id := range ids {
+	for id, maker := range services {
 		id := id // Closure for the constructor
 		constructor := func(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) {
 			return &InstrumentedService{
 				startHook: func(*p2p.Server) { started[id] = true },
 			}, nil
 		}
-		if err := stack.Register(id, constructor); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: registration failed: %v", i, err)
+		if err := stack.Register(maker(constructor)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("service %s: registration failed: %v", id, err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Register a service that fails to construct itself
@@ -300,7 +258,7 @@ func TestServiceConstructionAbortion(t *testing.T) {
 	failer := func(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) {
 		return nil, failure
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("failer", failer); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(failer); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failer registration failed: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Start the protocol stack and ensure none of the services get started
@@ -308,9 +266,9 @@ func TestServiceConstructionAbortion(t *testing.T) {
 		if err := stack.Start(); err != failure {
 			t.Fatalf("iter %d: stack startup failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, failure)
 		}
-		for i, id := range ids {
+		for id, _ := range services {
 			if started[id] {
-				t.Fatalf("service %d: started should not have", i)
+				t.Fatalf("service %s: started should not have", id)
 			}
 			delete(started, id)
 		}
@@ -325,12 +283,15 @@ func TestServiceStartupAbortion(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Register a batch of good services
-	ids := []string{"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"}
-
+	services := map[string]InstrumentingWrapper{
+		"A": InstrumentedServiceMakerA,
+		"B": InstrumentedServiceMakerB,
+		"C": InstrumentedServiceMakerC,
+	}
 	started := make(map[string]bool)
 	stopped := make(map[string]bool)
 
-	for i, id := range ids {
+	for id, maker := range services {
 		id := id // Closure for the constructor
 		constructor := func(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) {
 			return &InstrumentedService{
@@ -338,8 +299,8 @@ func TestServiceStartupAbortion(t *testing.T) {
 				stopHook:  func() { stopped[id] = true },
 			}, nil
 		}
-		if err := stack.Register(id, constructor); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: registration failed: %v", i, err)
+		if err := stack.Register(maker(constructor)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("service %s: registration failed: %v", id, err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Register a service that fails to start
@@ -349,7 +310,7 @@ func TestServiceStartupAbortion(t *testing.T) {
 			start: failure,
 		}, nil
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("failer", failer); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(failer); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failer registration failed: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Start the protocol stack and ensure all started services stop
@@ -357,9 +318,9 @@ func TestServiceStartupAbortion(t *testing.T) {
 		if err := stack.Start(); err != failure {
 			t.Fatalf("iter %d: stack startup failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, failure)
 		}
-		for i, id := range ids {
+		for id, _ := range services {
 			if started[id] && !stopped[id] {
-				t.Fatalf("service %d: started but not stopped", i)
+				t.Fatalf("service %s: started but not stopped", id)
 			}
 			delete(started, id)
 			delete(stopped, id)
@@ -375,12 +336,15 @@ func TestServiceTerminationGuarantee(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Register a batch of good services
-	ids := []string{"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"}
-
+	services := map[string]InstrumentingWrapper{
+		"A": InstrumentedServiceMakerA,
+		"B": InstrumentedServiceMakerB,
+		"C": InstrumentedServiceMakerC,
+	}
 	started := make(map[string]bool)
 	stopped := make(map[string]bool)
 
-	for i, id := range ids {
+	for id, maker := range services {
 		id := id // Closure for the constructor
 		constructor := func(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) {
 			return &InstrumentedService{
@@ -388,8 +352,8 @@ func TestServiceTerminationGuarantee(t *testing.T) {
 				stopHook:  func() { stopped[id] = true },
 			}, nil
 		}
-		if err := stack.Register(id, constructor); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("service %d: registration failed: %v", i, err)
+		if err := stack.Register(maker(constructor)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("service %s: registration failed: %v", id, err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Register a service that fails to shot down cleanly
@@ -399,7 +363,7 @@ func TestServiceTerminationGuarantee(t *testing.T) {
 			stop: failure,
 		}, nil
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("failer", failer); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(failer); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failer registration failed: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Start the protocol stack, and ensure that a failing shut down terminates all
@@ -408,12 +372,12 @@ func TestServiceTerminationGuarantee(t *testing.T) {
 		if err := stack.Start(); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("iter %d: failed to start protocol stack: %v", i, err)
 		}
-		for j, id := range ids {
+		for id, _ := range services {
 			if !started[id] {
-				t.Fatalf("iter %d, service %d: service not running", i, j)
+				t.Fatalf("iter %d, service %s: service not running", i, id)
 			}
 			if stopped[id] {
-				t.Fatalf("iter %d, service %d: service already stopped", i, j)
+				t.Fatalf("iter %d, service %s: service already stopped", i, id)
 			}
 		}
 		// Stop the stack, verify failure and check all terminations
@@ -421,16 +385,17 @@ func TestServiceTerminationGuarantee(t *testing.T) {
 		if err, ok := err.(*StopError); !ok {
 			t.Fatalf("iter %d: termination failure mismatch: have %v, want StopError", i, err)
 		} else {
-			if err.Services["failer"] != failure {
-				t.Fatalf("iter %d: failer termination failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err.Services["failer"], failure)
+			failer := reflect.TypeOf(&InstrumentedService{})
+			if err.Services[failer] != failure {
+				t.Fatalf("iter %d: failer termination failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err.Services[failer], failure)
 			}
 			if len(err.Services) != 1 {
 				t.Fatalf("iter %d: failure count mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, len(err.Services), 1)
 			}
 		}
-		for j, id := range ids {
+		for id, _ := range services {
 			if !stopped[id] {
-				t.Fatalf("iter %d, service %d: service not terminated", i, j)
+				t.Fatalf("iter %d, service %s: service not terminated", i, id)
 			}
 			delete(started, id)
 			delete(stopped, id)
@@ -438,27 +403,27 @@ func TestServiceTerminationGuarantee(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestSingletonServiceRetrieval tests that singleton services can be retrieved.
-func TestSingletonServiceRetrieval(t *testing.T) {
+// TestServiceRetrieval tests that individual services can be retrieved.
+func TestServiceRetrieval(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a simple stack and register two service types
 	stack, err := New(testNodeConfig)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("noop", func(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(NoopService), nil }); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(NewNoopService); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("noop service registration failed: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("instrumented", func(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(InstrumentedService), nil }); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(NewInstrumentedService); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("instrumented service registration failed: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Make sure none of the services can be retrieved until started
 	var noopServ *NoopService
-	if id, err := stack.SingletonService(&noopServ); id != "" || err != ErrServiceUnknown {
-		t.Fatalf("noop service retrieval mismatch: have %v/%v, want %v/%v", id, err, "", ErrServiceUnknown)
+	if err := stack.Service(&noopServ); err != ErrNodeStopped {
+		t.Fatalf("noop service retrieval mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrNodeStopped)
 	}
 	var instServ *InstrumentedService
-	if id, err := stack.SingletonService(&instServ); id != "" || err != ErrServiceUnknown {
-		t.Fatalf("instrumented service retrieval mismatch: have %v/%v, want %v/%v", id, err, "", ErrServiceUnknown)
+	if err := stack.Service(&instServ); err != ErrNodeStopped {
+		t.Fatalf("instrumented service retrieval mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrNodeStopped)
 	}
 	// Start the stack and ensure everything is retrievable now
 	if err := stack.Start(); err != nil {
@@ -466,11 +431,11 @@ func TestSingletonServiceRetrieval(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	defer stack.Stop()
 
-	if id, err := stack.SingletonService(&noopServ); id != "noop" || err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("noop service retrieval mismatch: have %v/%v, want %v/%v", id, err, "noop", nil)
+	if err := stack.Service(&noopServ); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("noop service retrieval mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, nil)
 	}
-	if id, err := stack.SingletonService(&instServ); id != "instrumented" || err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("instrumented service retrieval mismatch: have %v/%v, want %v/%v", id, err, "instrumented", nil)
+	if err := stack.Service(&instServ); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("instrumented service retrieval mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, nil)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -481,13 +446,16 @@ func TestProtocolGather(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Register a batch of services with some configured number of protocols
-	services := map[string]int{
-		"Zero Protocols":  0,
-		"Single Protocol": 1,
-		"Many Protocols":  25,
-	}
-	for id, count := range services {
-		protocols := make([]p2p.Protocol, count)
+	services := map[string]struct {
+		Count int
+		Maker InstrumentingWrapper
+	}{
+		"Zero Protocols":  {0, InstrumentedServiceMakerA},
+		"Single Protocol": {1, InstrumentedServiceMakerB},
+		"Many Protocols":  {25, InstrumentedServiceMakerC},
+	}
+	for id, config := range services {
+		protocols := make([]p2p.Protocol, config.Count)
 		for i := 0; i < len(protocols); i++ {
 			protocols[i].Name = id
 			protocols[i].Version = uint(i)
@@ -497,7 +465,7 @@ func TestProtocolGather(t *testing.T) {
 				protocols: protocols,
 			}, nil
 		}
-		if err := stack.Register(id, constructor); err != nil {
+		if err := stack.Register(config.Maker(constructor)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("service %s: registration failed: %v", id, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -511,8 +479,8 @@ func TestProtocolGather(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(protocols) != 26 {
 		t.Fatalf("mismatching number of protocols launched: have %d, want %d", len(protocols), 26)
 	}
-	for id, count := range services {
-		for ver := 0; ver < count; ver++ {
+	for id, config := range services {
+		for ver := 0; ver < config.Count; ver++ {
 			launched := false
 			for i := 0; i < len(protocols); i++ {
 				if protocols[i].Name == id && protocols[i].Version == uint(ver) {

node/service.go

@@ -29,39 +29,29 @@ import (
 // the protocol stack, that is passed to all constructors to be optionally used;
 // as well as utility methods to operate on the service environment.
 type ServiceContext struct {
-	datadir  string             // Data directory for protocol persistence
-	services map[string]Service // Index of the already constructed services
-	EventMux *event.TypeMux     // Event multiplexer used for decoupled notifications
+	datadir  string                   // Data directory for protocol persistence
+	services map[reflect.Type]Service // Index of the already constructed services
+	EventMux *event.TypeMux           // Event multiplexer used for decoupled notifications
 }
 
-// Database opens an existing database with the given name (or creates one if no
-// previous can be found) from within the node's data directory. If the node is
-// an ephemeral one, a memory database is returned.
-func (ctx *ServiceContext) Database(name string, cache int) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+// OpenDatabase opens an existing database with the given name (or creates one
+// if no previous can be found) from within the node's data directory. If the
+// node is an ephemeral one, a memory database is returned.
+func (ctx *ServiceContext) OpenDatabase(name string, cache int) (ethdb.Database, error) {
 	if ctx.datadir == "" {
 		return ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	}
 	return ethdb.NewLDBDatabase(filepath.Join(ctx.datadir, name), cache)
 }
 
-// Service retrieves an already constructed service registered under a given id.
-func (ctx *ServiceContext) Service(id string) Service {
-	return ctx.services[id]
-}
-
-// SingletonService retrieves an already constructed service using a specific type
-// implementing the Service interface. This is a utility function for scenarios
-// where it is known that only one instance of a given service type is running,
-// allowing to access services without needing to know their specific id with
-// which they were registered.
-func (ctx *ServiceContext) SingletonService(service interface{}) (string, error) {
-	for id, running := range ctx.services {
-		if reflect.TypeOf(running) == reflect.ValueOf(service).Elem().Type() {
-			reflect.ValueOf(service).Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(running))
-			return id, nil
-		}
+// Service retrieves a currently running service registered of a specific type.
+func (ctx *ServiceContext) Service(service interface{}) error {
+	element := reflect.ValueOf(service).Elem()
+	if running, ok := ctx.services[element.Type()]; ok {
+		element.Set(reflect.ValueOf(running))
+		return nil
 	}
-	return "", ErrServiceUnknown
+	return ErrServiceUnknown
 }
 
 // ServiceConstructor is the function signature of the constructors needed to be

node/service_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestContextDatabases(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Request the opening/creation of a database and ensure it persists to disk
 	ctx := &ServiceContext{datadir: dir}
-	db, err := ctx.Database("persistent", 0)
+	db, err := ctx.OpenDatabase("persistent", 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to open persistent database: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func TestContextDatabases(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Request th opening/creation of an ephemeral database and ensure it's not persisted
 	ctx = &ServiceContext{datadir: ""}
-	db, err = ctx.Database("ephemeral", 0)
+	db, err = ctx.OpenDatabase("ephemeral", 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to open ephemeral database: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -67,36 +67,27 @@ func TestContextServices(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create protocol stack: %v", err)
 	}
-	// Define a set of services, constructed before/after a verifier
-	formers := []string{"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J"}
-	latters := []string{"0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"}
-
+	// Define a verifier that ensures a NoopA is before it and NoopB after
 	verifier := func(ctx *ServiceContext) (Service, error) {
-		for i, id := range formers {
-			if ctx.Service(id) == nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("former %d: service not found", i)
-			}
+		var objA *NoopServiceA
+		if ctx.Service(&objA) != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("former service not found")
 		}
-		for i, id := range latters {
-			if ctx.Service(id) != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("latters %d: service found", i)
-			}
+		var objB *NoopServiceB
+		if err := ctx.Service(&objB); err != ErrServiceUnknown {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("latters lookup error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrServiceUnknown)
 		}
 		return new(NoopService), nil
 	}
 	// Register the collection of services
-	for i, id := range formers {
-		if err := stack.Register(id, NewNoopService); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("former #%d: failed to register service: %v", i, err)
-		}
+	if err := stack.Register(NewNoopServiceA); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("former failed to register service: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := stack.Register("verifier", verifier); err != nil {
+	if err := stack.Register(verifier); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to register service verifier: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i, id := range latters {
-		if err := stack.Register(id, NewNoopService); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("latter #%d: failed to register service: %v", i, err)
-		}
+	if err := stack.Register(NewNoopServiceB); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("latter failed to register service: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Start the protocol stack and ensure services are constructed in order
 	if err := stack.Start(); err != nil {

node/utils_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Contains a batch of utility type declarations used by the tests. As the node
+// operates on unique types, a lot of them are needed to check various features.
+
+package node
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
+)
+
+// NoopService is a trivial implementation of the Service interface.
+type NoopService struct{}
+
+func (s *NoopService) Protocols() []p2p.Protocol { return nil }
+func (s *NoopService) Start(*p2p.Server) error   { return nil }
+func (s *NoopService) Stop() error               { return nil }
+
+func NewNoopService(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(NoopService), nil }
+
+// Set of services all wrapping the base NoopService resulting in the same method
+// signatures but different outer types.
+type NoopServiceA struct{ NoopService }
+type NoopServiceB struct{ NoopService }
+type NoopServiceC struct{ NoopService }
+type NoopServiceD struct{ NoopService }
+
+func NewNoopServiceA(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(NoopServiceA), nil }
+func NewNoopServiceB(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(NoopServiceB), nil }
+func NewNoopServiceC(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(NoopServiceC), nil }
+func NewNoopServiceD(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(NoopServiceD), nil }
+
+// InstrumentedService is an implementation of Service for which all interface
+// methods can be instrumented both return value as well as event hook wise.
+type InstrumentedService struct {
+	protocols []p2p.Protocol
+	start     error
+	stop      error
+
+	protocolsHook func()
+	startHook     func(*p2p.Server)
+	stopHook      func()
+}
+
+func NewInstrumentedService(*ServiceContext) (Service, error) { return new(InstrumentedService), nil }
+
+func (s *InstrumentedService) Protocols() []p2p.Protocol {
+	if s.protocolsHook != nil {
+		s.protocolsHook()
+	}
+	return s.protocols
+}
+
+func (s *InstrumentedService) Start(server *p2p.Server) error {
+	if s.startHook != nil {
+		s.startHook(server)
+	}
+	return s.start
+}
+
+func (s *InstrumentedService) Stop() error {
+	if s.stopHook != nil {
+		s.stopHook()
+	}
+	return s.stop
+}
+
+// InstrumentingWrapper is a method to specialize a service constructor returning
+// a generic InstrumentedService into one returning a wrapping specific one.
+type InstrumentingWrapper func(base ServiceConstructor) ServiceConstructor
+
+func InstrumentingWrapperMaker(base ServiceConstructor, kind reflect.Type) ServiceConstructor {
+	return func(ctx *ServiceContext) (Service, error) {
+		obj, err := base(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		wrapper := reflect.New(kind)
+		wrapper.Elem().Field(0).Set(reflect.ValueOf(obj).Elem())
+
+		return wrapper.Interface().(Service), nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Set of services all wrapping the base InstrumentedService resulting in the
+// same method signatures but different outer types.
+type InstrumentedServiceA struct{ InstrumentedService }
+type InstrumentedServiceB struct{ InstrumentedService }
+type InstrumentedServiceC struct{ InstrumentedService }
+
+func InstrumentedServiceMakerA(base ServiceConstructor) ServiceConstructor {
+	return InstrumentingWrapperMaker(base, reflect.TypeOf(InstrumentedServiceA{}))
+}
+
+func InstrumentedServiceMakerB(base ServiceConstructor) ServiceConstructor {
+	return InstrumentingWrapperMaker(base, reflect.TypeOf(InstrumentedServiceB{}))
+}
+
+func InstrumentedServiceMakerC(base ServiceConstructor) ServiceConstructor {
+	return InstrumentingWrapperMaker(base, reflect.TypeOf(InstrumentedServiceC{}))
+}

rpc/api/admin.go

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func NewAdminApi(xeth *xeth.XEth, stack *node.Node, codec codec.Codec) *adminApi
 		coder: codec.New(nil),
 	}
 	if stack != nil {
-		stack.SingletonService(&api.ethereum)
+		stack.Service(&api.ethereum)
 	}
 	return api
 }

rpc/api/utils.go

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ func ParseApiString(apistr string, codec codec.Codec, xeth *xeth.XEth, stack *no
 
 	var eth *eth.Ethereum
 	if stack != nil {
-		if _, err := stack.SingletonService(&eth); err != nil {
+		if err := stack.Service(&eth); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}

xeth/state.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package xeth
 import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
 )
 
 type State struct {
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ func (self *State) SafeGet(addr string) *Object {
 func (self *State) safeGet(addr string) *state.StateObject {
 	object := self.state.GetStateObject(common.HexToAddress(addr))
 	if object == nil {
-		object = state.NewStateObject(common.HexToAddress(addr), self.xeth.backend.Service("eth").(*eth.Ethereum).ChainDb())
+		object = state.NewStateObject(common.HexToAddress(addr), self.xeth.EthereumService().ChainDb())
 	}
 	return object
 }

xeth/xeth.go

@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, frontend Frontend) *XEth {
 		ethereum *eth.Ethereum
 		whisper  *whisper.Whisper
 	)
-	stack.SingletonService(&ethereum)
-	stack.SingletonService(&whisper)
+	stack.Service(&ethereum)
+	stack.Service(&whisper)
 
 	xeth := &XEth{
 		backend:          stack,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, frontend Frontend) *XEth {
 
 func (self *XEth) EthereumService() *eth.Ethereum {
 	var ethereum *eth.Ethereum
-	if _, err := self.backend.SingletonService(&ethereum); err != nil {
+	if err := self.backend.Service(&ethereum); err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return ethereum
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func (self *XEth) EthereumService() *eth.Ethereum {
 
 func (self *XEth) WhisperService() *whisper.Whisper {
 	var whisper *whisper.Whisper
-	if _, err := self.backend.SingletonService(&whisper); err != nil {
+	if err := self.backend.Service(&whisper); err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return whisper