import os import json import logging from decimal import Decimal, ROUND_DOWN from web3 import Web3 from web3.middleware import ExtraDataToPOAMiddleware # For PoA networks like Goerli, Sepolia, BSC etc. from eth_account import Account from dotenv import load_dotenv from checker.logger_config import get_logger from encode_decode import decrypt # 配置日志 logger = get_logger('as') # 加载环境变量 load_dotenv() # 标准 IERC20 ABI (只包含常用函数) IERC20_ABI = json.loads(''' [ { "constant": true, "inputs": [], "name": "name", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "string"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "constant": false, "inputs": [ {"name": "_spender", "type": "address"}, {"name": "_value", "type": "uint256"} ], "name": "approve", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "bool"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "nonpayable", "type": "function" }, { "constant": true, "inputs": [], "name": "totalSupply", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "uint256"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "constant": false, "inputs": [ {"name": "_from", "type": "address"}, {"name": "_to", "type": "address"}, {"name": "_value", "type": "uint256"} ], "name": "transferFrom", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "bool"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "nonpayable", "type": "function" }, { "constant": true, "inputs": [], "name": "decimals", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "uint8"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "constant": true, "inputs": [{"name": "_owner", "type": "address"}], "name": "balanceOf", "outputs": [{"name": "balance", "type": "uint256"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "constant": true, "inputs": [], "name": "symbol", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "string"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "constant": false, "inputs": [ {"name": "_to", "type": "address"}, {"name": "_value", "type": "uint256"} ], "name": "transfer", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "bool"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "nonpayable", "type": "function" }, { "constant": true, "inputs": [ {"name": "_owner", "type": "address"}, {"name": "_spender", "type": "address"} ], "name": "allowance", "outputs": [{"name": "", "type": "uint256"}], "payable": false, "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" } ] ''') class EthClient: def __init__(self, rpc_url: str = None, hash: str = None): self.rpc_url = rpc_url or os.getenv("RPC_URL") ciphertext = os.getenv("ED_CIPHERTEXT") initial_vector = os.getenv("ED_INITIAL_VECTOR") secret_key = os.getenv("ED_SECRET_KEY") _hash = hash or decrypt(bytes.fromhex(ciphertext), bytes.fromhex(secret_key), bytes.fromhex(initial_vector)).decode('utf-8') if not self.rpc_url: raise ValueError("RPC_URL not provided or found in environment variables.") if not _hash: raise ValueError("HASH not provided or found in environment variables.") self.w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider(self.rpc_url)) # 如果连接的是 PoA 网络 (如 Goerli, Sepolia, BSC, Polygon), 需要注入中间件 # 对于主网，不需要此操作。可以根据 chain_id 动态判断，或者让用户明确。 # 例如：if self.w3.eth.chain_id in [5, 11155111, 56, 137]: # Goerli, Sepolia, BSC, Polygon self.w3.middleware_onion.inject(ExtraDataToPOAMiddleware, layer=0) if not self.w3.is_connected(): raise ConnectionError(f"Failed to connect to Ethereum node at {self.rpc_url}") self.account = Account.from_key(_hash) self.address = self.account.address logger.info(f"EthClient initialized. Address: {self.address}, RPC: {self.rpc_url}, Connected: {self.w3.is_connected()}") def _get_nonce(self) -> int: """获取账户的下一个 nonce""" return self.w3.eth.get_transaction_count(self.address) def _estimate_gas(self, tx: dict) -> int: """估算交易的 gas limit""" return self.w3.eth.estimate_gas(tx) def _sign(self, tx: dict, gas_limit_multiplier: float = 1.2) -> dict: """签署并返回簽名結果""" try: # 填充 gas 和 nonce (如果未提供) if 'nonce' not in tx: logger.info('TODO nonce应该提前管理好') tx['nonce'] = self._get_nonce() ''' 在使用 web3.py 手动构建和签名交易时，需要使用支持 EIP-1559 交易类型的签名函数。 通常，eth_account 库及其 sign_transaction 方法是支持的，只要您提供的交易字典包含了正确的 EIP-1559 字段 (chainId, nonce, to, value, gas, maxFeePerGas, maxPriorityFeePerGas 等)。 您构建的交易字典可能混合了传统 Gas 字段 (gasPrice) 和 EIP-1559 字段 (maxFeePerGas, maxPriorityFeePerGas)。一个交易只能使用其中一种方式来指定 Gas 费用。 解决方案： 确保您的交易字典中只有 EIP-1559 相关的 Gas 字段（maxFeePerGas, maxPriorityFeePerGas 和 gas），或者只有传统 Gas 字段（gasPrice 和 gas）。 不要同时包含 gasPrice 和 maxFeePerGas/maxPriorityFeePerGas。 ''' # # 对于支持 EIP-1559 的网络，应该使用: # if 'maxPriorityFeePerGas' not in tx and 'maxFeePerGas' not in tx: # latest_block = self.w3.eth.get_block('latest') # tx['maxPriorityFeePerGas'] = '1000000000' # tx['maxFeePerGas'] = int(latest_block['baseFeePerGas']) * 2 + int(tx['maxPriorityFeePerGas']) if 'chainId' not in tx: tx['chainId'] = self.w3.eth.chain_id # 增加成交成功率 tx['gas'] = int(int(tx['gas']) * gas_limit_multiplier) signed_tx = self.w3.eth.account.sign_transaction(tx, self.account.key) return signed_tx except Exception as e: logger.info(f"Error signing transaction: {e}") def _sign_and_send_transaction(self, tx: dict, gas_limit_multiplier: float = 1.2) -> str: """签署并发送交易，返回交易哈希""" try: signed_tx = self._sign(tx, gas_limit_multiplier) tx_hash = self.w3.eth.send_raw_transaction(signed_tx.raw_transaction) return self.w3.to_hex(tx_hash) except Exception as e: logger.info(f"Error signing or sending transaction: {e}") # 可以进一步处理特定错误，例如 nonce 过低，余额不足等 raise def wait_for_transaction_receipt(self, tx_hash: str, timeout: int = 120, poll_latency: int = 1): """等待交易被打包并返回收据""" try: receipt = self.w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash, timeout=timeout, poll_latency=poll_latency) return receipt except Exception as e: # Web3.exceptions.TimeExhausted as e logger.info(f"Transaction {tx_hash} timed out after {timeout} seconds.") raise def send_eth(self, to_address: str, amount_ether: float, gas_limit: int = None, gas_price_gwei: float = None) -> str: """发送 ETH""" if not self.w3.is_address(to_address): raise ValueError(f"Invalid recipient address: {to_address}") value_wei = self.w3.to_wei(amount_ether, 'ether') tx = { 'to': self.w3.to_checksum_address(to_address), 'value': value_wei, 'from': self.address # web3.py 会自动从签名账户中获取 from，但显式写上更清晰 } if gas_limit: tx['gas'] = gas_limit if gas_price_gwei: tx['gasPrice'] = self.w3.to_wei(gas_price_gwei, 'gwei') logger.info(f"Preparing to send {amount_ether} ETH to {to_address}...") return self._sign_and_send_transaction(tx) def _get_erc20_contract(self, token_address: str): """获取 ERC20 合约实例""" if not self.w3.is_address(token_address): raise ValueError(f"Invalid token address: {token_address}") return self.w3.eth.contract(address=self.w3.to_checksum_address(token_address), abi=IERC20_ABI) def get_erc20_decimals(self, token_address: str) -> int: """获取 ERC20 代币的精度""" contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) return contract.functions.decimals().call() def _to_token_units(self, token_address: str, amount_readable: float) -> int: """将可读的代币数量转换为最小单位 (例如 1.0 USDT -> 1000000 if decimals is 6)""" decimals = self.get_erc20_decimals(token_address) factor = Decimal(10) ** Decimal(decimals) return int(Decimal(str(amount_readable)) * factor) def _from_token_units(self, token_address: str, amount_units: int) -> Decimal: """将最小单位的代币数量转换为可读数量""" decimals = self.get_erc20_decimals(token_address) factor = Decimal(10) ** Decimal(decimals) return (Decimal(amount_units) / factor).quantize(Decimal('0.1') ** decimals, rounding=ROUND_DOWN) def transfer_erc20(self, token_address: str, to_address: str, amount_readable: float, gas_limit: int = None, gas_price: float = None) -> str: """ 转移 ERC20 代币。 :param token_address: 代币合约地址 :param to_address: 接收者地址 :param amount_readable: 要转移的代币数量 (例如 1.2345) :param gas_limit: 手动设置 gas limit (可选) :param gas_price: 手动设置 gas price (可选) :return: 交易哈希 """ if not self.w3.is_address(to_address): raise ValueError(f"Invalid recipient address: {to_address}") contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) amount_in_smallest_units = self._to_token_units(token_address, amount_readable) tx_data = contract.functions.transfer( self.w3.to_checksum_address(to_address), amount_in_smallest_units ).build_transaction({ 'from': self.address, 'nonce': self._get_nonce(), 'gas': 200000, # 通常 transfer ERC20 消耗 50k-100k gas，可以估算或手动设置 'gasPrice': self.w3.eth.gas_price # 或手动设置 }) if gas_limit: tx_data['gas'] = gas_limit if gas_price: tx_data['gasPrice'] = gas_price logger.info(f"Preparing to transfer {amount_readable} of token {token_address} to {to_address}...") return self._sign_and_send_transaction(tx_data, 1.2, 2) def approve_erc20(self, token_address: str, spender_address: str, amount_readable: float, gas_limit: int = None, gas_price_gwei: float = None) -> str: """ 授权给 spender 地址一定数量的 ERC20 代币。 :param token_address: 代币合约地址 :param spender_address: 被授权者地址 :param amount_readable: 要授权的代币数量 (例如 1.2345) :param gas_limit: 手动设置 gas limit (可选) :param gas_price_gwei: 手动设置 gas price Gwei (可选) :return: 交易哈希 """ if not self.w3.is_address(spender_address): raise ValueError(f"Invalid spender address: {spender_address}") contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) amount_in_smallest_units = self._to_token_units(token_address, amount_readable) tx_data = contract.functions.approve( self.w3.to_checksum_address(spender_address), amount_in_smallest_units ).build_transaction({ 'from': self.address, 'nonce': self._get_nonce(), }) if gas_limit: tx_data['gas'] = gas_limit if gas_price_gwei: tx_data['gasPrice'] = self.w3.to_wei(gas_price_gwei, 'gwei') logger.info(f"Preparing to approve {amount_readable} of token {token_address} for spender {spender_address}...") return self._sign_and_send_transaction(tx_data) def get_erc20_balance(self, token_address: str, owner_address: str = None) -> Decimal: """获取指定地址的 ERC20 代币余额 (可读数量)""" target_address = owner_address or self.address if not self.w3.is_address(target_address): raise ValueError(f"Invalid owner address: {target_address}") contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) balance_units = contract.functions.balanceOf(self.w3.to_checksum_address(target_address)).call() return self._from_token_units(token_address, balance_units) def get_erc20_allowance(self, token_address: str, spender_address: str, owner_address: str = None) -> Decimal: """获取 owner 授权给 spender 的 ERC20 代币数量 (可读数量)""" target_owner = owner_address or self.address if not self.w3.is_address(target_owner): raise ValueError(f"Invalid owner address: {target_owner}") if not self.w3.is_address(spender_address): raise ValueError(f"Invalid spender address: {spender_address}") contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) allowance_units = contract.functions.allowance( self.w3.to_checksum_address(target_owner), self.w3.to_checksum_address(spender_address) ).call() return self._from_token_units(token_address, allowance_units) def get_erc20_total_supply(self, token_address: str) -> Decimal: """获取 ERC20 代币的总供应量 (可读数量)""" contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) total_supply_units = contract.functions.totalSupply().call() return self._from_token_units(token_address, total_supply_units) def get_erc20_name(self, token_address: str) -> str: """获取 ERC20 代币的名称""" contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) return contract.functions.name().call() def get_erc20_symbol(self, token_address: str) -> str: """获取 ERC20 代币的符号""" contract = self._get_erc20_contract(token_address) return contract.functions.symbol().call() def get_eth_balance(self, address: str = None) -> Decimal: """获取ETH余额 (单位 Ether)""" target_address = address or self.address if not self.w3.is_address(target_address): raise ValueError(f"Invalid address: {target_address}") balance_wei = self.w3.eth.get_balance(self.w3.to_checksum_address(target_address)) return self.w3.from_wei(balance_wei, 'ether') if __name__ == "__main__": import traceback import time from pprint import pprint from checker import ok_chain_client # from ok_chain_client import swap, broadcast, orders from decimal import Decimal from config import wallet pprint(ok_chain_client.api_config) client = EthClient() CHAIN_ID = 1 # IN_AMOUNT_TO_QUERY = decimal.Decimal('1') # IN_TOKEN_ADDRESS = '0xdAC17F958D2ee523a2206206994597C13D831ec7' # USDT on Ethereum # IN_TOKEN_DECIMALS = decimal.Decimal(6) # OUT_TOKEN_ADDRESS = '0xf816507E690f5Aa4E29d164885EB5fa7a5627860' # RATO on Ethereum USER_WALLET = wallet['user_wallet'] # SLIPPAGE = 1 # USER_EXCHANGE_WALLET = '0xc71835a042F4d870B0F4296cc89cAeb921a9f3DA' # rst = swap(CHAIN_ID, IN_AMOUNT_TO_QUERY * (10 ** IN_TOKEN_DECIMALS), IN_TOKEN_ADDRESS, OUT_TOKEN_ADDRESS, SLIPPAGE, USER_WALLET, USER_EXCHANGE_WALLET) # data = rst['data'][0] # tx = data['tx'] try: # tx.pop('gasPrice', None) # tx.pop('value', None) # tx.pop('minReceiveAmount', None) # tx.pop('slippage', None) # tx.pop('maxSpendAmount', None) # tx.pop('signatureData', None) tx = { 'from': USER_WALLET, 'to': USER_WALLET, 'gas': '40000', 'value': 1, 'maxPriorityFeePerGas': '1800000000' } latest_block = client.w3.eth.get_block('latest') tx['maxPriorityFeePerGas'] = int(tx['maxPriorityFeePerGas']) tx['maxFeePerGas'] = int(int(latest_block['baseFeePerGas']) * 2 + tx['maxPriorityFeePerGas']) ''' {'code': '0', 'data': {'chainId': '1', 'chainIndex': '1', 'dexRouter': '0x6088d94c5a40cecd3ae2d4e0710ca687b91c61d0', 'errorMsg': '', 'fromAddress': '0xb1f33026db86a86372493a3b124d7123e9045bb4', 'fromTokenDetails': {'amount': '10000000', 'symbol': 'USDT', 'tokenAddress': '0xdac17f958d2ee523a2206206994597c13d831ec7'}, 'gasLimit': '285000', 'gasPrice': '2526360593', 'gasUsed': '216783', 'height': '22586403', 'referralAmount': '', 'status': 'success', 'toAddress': '0xc71835a042f4d870b0f4296cc89caeb921a9f3da', 'toTokenDetails': {'amount': '655477388084022', 'symbol': 'RATO', 'tokenAddress': '0xf816507e690f5aa4e29d164885eb5fa7a5627860'}, 'txFee': '', 'txHash': '0xe54acd58923685fb132bc0d103b72fa538e59d54dec44b3dc8e0314de7d8b126', 'txTime': '1748497463', 'txType': 'swap'}, 'msg': ''} ''' # pprint(ok_chain_client.history(CHAIN_ID, '0xe54acd58923685fb132bc0d103b72fa538e59d54dec44b3dc8e0314de7d8b126')) ''' { 'code': '0', 'data': {'chainId': '1', 'chainIndex': '1', 'errorMsg': 'execution reverted', 'fromAddress': '0xc36b5466d88d3ebe9e538ed650f61b7f9902e6cc', 'gasLimit': '285000', 'gasPrice': '4907400618', 'gasUsed': '282898', 'height': '22587649', 'status': 'fail', 'txFee': '', 'txHash': '0x344d2d0a9efdfb46b6130a58a40e117bb3bf6181b03b09b65b4d6cc8256f1e2f', 'txTime': '1748512535', 'txType': ''}, 'msg': '' } ''' pprint(ok_chain_client.history(CHAIN_ID, '0x6d6a3dec8527f696b69752dc76e8fc32218dd7a3a71ff3f79ac8066e5265fee9')) # pprint(ok_chain_client.gas_limit(CHAIN_ID, tx['from'], tx['to'], tx['value'])) # pprint(tx) # estimated_gas = client.w3.eth.estimate_gas(tx) # estimated_wei = estimated_gas * (tx['maxPriorityFeePerGas'] + tx['maxFeePerGas']) # estimated_eth = estimated_wei / (10 ** 18) # logger.info(f"估算的燃气量: {estimated_gas}, eth消耗: {estimated_eth}") # logger.info(f"餘額：{client.w3.eth.get_balance(USER_WALLET) / Decimal('1e18')}") # tx_hash = client._sign_and_send_transaction(tx) # receipt = client.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash) # logger.info(f"{tx_hash} 交易已确认! Status: {'Success' if receipt.status == 1 else 'Failed'}") # ok api發交易測試 # signed_tx = client._sign(tx) # pprint(signed_tx) # tx_hash = client.w3.to_hex(signed_tx.hash) # pprint(tx_hash) # client.w3.eth.send_raw_transaction(signed_tx.raw_transaction) # raw_transaction = client.w3.to_hex(signed_tx.raw_transaction) # broadcast_rst = ok_chain_client.broadcast(CHAIN_ID, USER_WALLET, raw_transaction) # pprint(broadcast_rst) # order_id = broadcast_rst['data'][0]['orderId'] # while True: # wallet_orders = ok_chain_client.orders(CHAIN_ID, USER_WALLET) # pprint(wallet_orders) # time.sleep(1) except Exception as e: print(f"測試失败: {e}") traceback.print_exc() # # --- 使用示例 --- # # 确保你的 .env 文件配置正确 # # 并且你的账户中有足够的 ETH 来支付 Gas 费 # # 替换为实际的ERC20代币地址和接收者地址 (例如USDT on Sepolia testnet) # # Sepolia USDT: 0xaA8E23Fb1079EA71e0a56F48S1a3ET28wpD1RLf # # Sepolia WETH: 0x7b79995e5f793A07Bc00c21412e50Ecn10yt2e_ (错误，应为 0x7b79995e5f793A07Bc00c21412e50Ecn10yt2eH) # # 更正: Sepolia WETH: 0xfFf9976782d46CC05630D1f6eBAb18b2324d6B14 (常用) # # 有些测试网可能没有标准的USDT，你可以找一个存在的ERC20代币进行测试，或者自己部署一个 # # 为了演示，这里假设使用的是 Sepolia 测试网 # # !!重要!!: 以下地址和代币地址仅为示例, 请替换为您测试网络上的真实地址和代币 # # 如果您在主网操作，请务必小心，并使用小额资金测试。 # TEST_RECIPIENT_ADDRESS = "0xb1f33026db86a86372493a3b124d7123e9045bb4" # 替换为你的测试接收地址 # # Sepolia 上的一个示例 ERC20 token (你可以找一个你有的测试币) # # 用于测试的代币地址 # TEST_ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS_SEPOLIA_LINK = "0xdAC17F958D2ee523a2206206994597C13D831ec7" # try: # client = EthClient() # RPC_URL 和 HASH 会从 .env 文件加载 # logger.info(f"\nMy ETH Balance: {client.get_eth_balance()} ETH") # # 1. 发送 ETH (取消注释以测试, 确保接收地址正确且你有足够ETH) # # logger.info(f"\nAttempting to send ETH...") # # eth_tx_hash = client.send_eth(TEST_RECIPIENT_ADDRESS, 0.0001) # 发送 0.0001 ETH # # logger.info(f"ETH transaction sent! Hash: {eth_tx_hash}") # # receipt = client.wait_for_transaction_receipt(eth_tx_hash) # # logger.info(f"ETH transaction confirmed! Status: {'Success' if receipt.status == 1 else 'Failed'}") # # --- ERC20 操作示例 --- # # 使用 Sepolia LINK 代币进行演示 # token_address = TEST_ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS_SEPOLIA_LINK # if not client.w3.is_address(token_address): # 简单检查 # logger.info(f"Warning: {token_address} does not look like a valid address. Skipping ERC20 tests.") # else: # logger.info(f"\n--- ERC20 Token Operations for: {token_address} ---") # token_name = client.get_erc20_name(token_address) # token_symbol = client.get_erc20_symbol(token_address) # token_decimals = client.get_erc20_decimals(token_address) # logger.info(f"Token: {token_name} ({token_symbol}), Decimals: {token_decimals}") # # ERC20余额查询以及基础功能测试（总供应量） # my_token_balance = client.get_erc20_balance(token_address) # logger.info(f"My {token_symbol} Balance: {my_token_balance} {token_symbol}") # total_supply = client.get_erc20_total_supply(token_address) # logger.info(f"Total Supply of {token_symbol}: {total_supply} {token_symbol}") # # # 2. ERC20 转账 (取消注释以测试, 确保你有该代币且接收地址正确) # # amount_to_transfer = 0.01 # 转移 0.01 个代币 # # if my_token_balance >= Decimal(str(amount_to_transfer)): # # logger.info(f"\nAttempting to transfer {amount_to_transfer} {token_symbol}...") # # erc20_tx_hash = client.transfer_erc20(token_address, TEST_RECIPIENT_ADDRESS, amount_to_transfer) # # logger.info(f"{token_symbol} transfer transaction sent! Block: {client.w3.eth.block_number} Hash: {erc20_tx_hash}") # # receipt = client.wait_for_transaction_receipt(erc20_tx_hash) # # logger.info(f"{token_symbol} transfer transaction confirmed! Block: {client.w3.eth.block_number} Status: {'Success' if receipt.status == 1 else 'Failed'}") # # logger.info(f"My new {token_symbol} Balance: {client.get_erc20_balance(token_address)} {token_symbol}") # # else: # # logger.info(f"Insufficient {token_symbol} balance to transfer {amount_to_transfer} {token_symbol}.") # # # 3. ERC20 Approve 和 Allowance (取消注释以测试) # # spender_for_allowance = '0x156ACd2bc5fC336D59BAAE602a2BD9b5e20D6672' # 可以是任何你想授权的地址 # # amount_to_approve = 74547271788 # # token_address = "0xdAC17F958D2ee523a2206206994597C13D831ec7" # # # current_allowance = client.get_erc20_allowance(token_address, spender_for_allowance) # # # logger.info(f"\nCurrent allowance for {spender_for_allowance} to spend my {token_symbol}: {current_allowance} {token_symbol}") # # # if my_token_balance >= Decimal(str(amount_to_approve)): # 确保有足够的代币去授权（虽然授权本身不消耗代币） # # logger.info(f"\nAttempting to approve {amount_to_approve} {token_symbol} for spender {spender_for_allowance}...") # # approve_tx_hash = client.approve_erc20(token_address, spender_for_allowance, amount_to_approve) # # logger.info(f"{token_symbol} approve transaction sent! Hash: {approve_tx_hash}") # # receipt = client.wait_for_transaction_receipt(approve_tx_hash) # # logger.info(f"{token_symbol} approve transaction confirmed! Status: {'Success' if receipt.status == 1 else 'Failed'}") # # new_allowance = client.get_erc20_allowance(token_address, spender_for_allowance) # # logger.info(f"New allowance for {spender_for_allowance}: {new_allowance} {token_symbol}") # # else: # # logger.info(f"Not enough balance to consider approving {amount_to_approve} {token_symbol} (though approval itself doesn't spend tokens).") # except ValueError as ve: # logger.info(f"Configuration Error: {ve}") # except ConnectionError as ce: # logger.info(f"Connection Error: {ce}") # except Exception as e: # logger.info(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}") # import traceback # traceback.logger.info_exc()